丹麦对苏格兰历史战绩-丹麦vs苏格兰分析

丹麦最大时疆域是多少

早期历史

公元前1万年左右，日德兰半岛开始有人类居住，以狩猎为生

丹麦在欧洲位置(2张)

公元前4200年～前3400年左右，定居在这一地区的人类进入新石器时代，开垦土地，耕耘农作。公元前400年左右进入青铜时代。

海盗时期

丹麦人擅长航海，常南下罗马帝国以琥珀、燧石等换取谷物和其他用具。他们往往亦商亦盗，在夏季纠众出海进行抢劫。

公元793年丹麦海盗袭击了英格兰的林第斯法恩岛。自此以后，丹麦海盗对英格兰的侵扰规模越来越大。871年丹麦海盗占领伦敦。878年英格兰国王阿尔弗烈德大帝和丹麦海盗媾和，双方平分英格兰，丹麦移民在英格兰东北部建立“丹麦区”。1016年丹麦国王克努特大帝攻占英格兰全境，并建立了版图包括挪威、英格兰、苏格兰大部和瑞典南部的“北海大帝国”。这个帝国在1042年瓦解。

卡尔马联盟及对外战争

16世纪的卡尔马联盟

12世纪中期以后，瓦尔德马一世（1157年～1182年在位）开创了强盛的君主专制封建王朝，通过侵略战争占有爱沙尼亚、易北河以北地区和果特兰岛。

1397年在丹麦女王玛格丽特一世（1353年～1412年）主持下召开卡尔马会议，丹麦、瑞典和挪威组成联盟，丹麦处于统治地位。卡尔马联盟前后共维持了126年。原挪威属地格陵兰、法罗群岛转归丹麦管辖。在此期间，丹麦为打破汉萨同盟对波罗的海经济支配权继续对外扩张，经过长期战争并吞了石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因。长期战争耗费了丹麦大量财力，导致赋税加重。富豪贵族兼并土地引起农民。

14世纪中叶黑死病又夺走近一半人口的生命。为平息不满和，国王克里斯蒂安一世（1448年～1481年在位）于1468年召集了四级会议寻求支持。但是连绵不断，尤其在瑞典。克里斯蒂安二世（1513年～1523年在位）于1520年亲率重兵攻克被瑞典独立派占领的瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩，并且屠杀了大批参与叛乱的瑞典贵族，触发了达拉纳起义，1523年丹麦军队战败，瑞典宣布独立。此后，丹麦为争夺波罗的海控制权和周围地区同瑞典反复较量，如1563年～1570年北方七年战争、1611年～1613年的卡尔马战争等，但历次战争都以失败告终，致使疆土日益缩减。

三十年战争期间，丹麦情况更为不利，1657年全境为瑞典所占领。其后，在1675年～1679年斯堪尼亚战争、1709年～1720年北方战争中也败于瑞典。由于国力削弱，丹麦避免卷入当时欧洲大陆的混乱纷争。在七年战争、英法战争（1766年～1783年）以及法国大革命初期丹麦都保持中立或避免介入。

丹麦航运业和海外贸易十分发达，商船队仅次于英国居欧洲第二位，并拥有一支规模可观的舰队。16世纪末丹麦成立东印度公司，在西印度群岛和几内亚拥有殖民地。1767年丹麦宣布同俄国、瑞典组成“武装中立同盟”，在美国独立战争期间独善其身，法国大革命期间丹麦再次中立，英国便不宣而战，于1801年发动哥本哈根之战

哥本哈根之战

（见彩图）。又于1807年派遣名将霍雷肖·纳尔逊率领的舰队炮轰哥本哈根，丹麦海军全部覆灭。丹麦转而支持拿破仑一世，1807年～1814年期间同法国结盟对抗英国。拿破仑失败后，瑞典国王贝尔纳多特又从丹麦手中抢走了挪威。

资本主义的发展

连年战乱使丹麦经济受到很大破坏，农业尤烈。政府不得不进行改革，限制地主贵族的特权。丹麦本土在1799年、石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因在1804年先后将农民的义务劳役制改变为佃赋制，从而结束了中世纪以来农民对地主的人身依附。为了缓解财政困难，丹麦将西印度和几内亚的殖民地出售。直到19世纪中叶，财政状况才有所好转。

由于德意志民族主义的影响和普鲁士的直接干涉，石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因局势动荡不安，1848年爆发起义，要求脱离丹麦并入德意志联邦。丹麦与这两个公国进行了近 3年的战争，最后在普鲁士停止向石勒苏益格进军情况下勉强取得胜利，保住了这两个公国。1864年丹麦宣布将石勒苏益格并入丹麦并使它和荷尔斯泰因分离，普鲁士便联合奥地利出兵干涉。丹麦失败后签署了《维也纳和约》，将石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因割让给普鲁士和奥地利。

在1848年法国、德国等欧洲国家民主运动的影响下，丹麦立宪会议颁布了宪法，废除君主专制政体，改行君主立宪制，并实行有财产限制的普选制。1870年代表富农阶级利益的左翼党成立。1871年丹麦社会民主党成立，并在全国各地建立起工会组织。19世纪末叶，丹麦工业化迅速发展，造船、电信和制造工业开始具有一定规模。农村村社制为合作社制所取代，农业向专业化方向发展，成为世界主要农业国之一。

世界大战时期

第一次世界大战期间，丹麦执行中立政策，后应德国的要求布雷封锁了松德和贝尔特海峡水域。德国投降后，丹麦要求在石勒苏益格举行公民投票解决归属问题。1920年通过公民投票石勒苏益格北部归还丹麦。

1924年丹麦社会民主党首次单独组成政府。面对棘手的失业问题和经济萧条，社民党政府提不出妥善解决办法，执政两年后被迫辞职。1929年经济大衰退时期，社民党大选获胜，和激进左翼党联合组阁，此后除有几次短暂失利外直到70年代均由社民党单独或联合组阁。在经济方面，30年代西方经济大萧条亦波及丹麦，1933年失业率达40%，政府将货币大幅度贬值以刺激出口。1933年、1934年同英国、德国先后签订了农产品协议，并相应调整了农业生产，缓和了经济萧条的影响。

第二次世界大战爆发前，丹麦没有卷入欧洲大陆的纷争，并于1939年接受德国提出的互不侵犯条约。但是法西斯德国背信弃义，于1940年4月9日大举进攻，丹麦政府当天宣布投降。1941年格陵兰、冰岛和法罗群岛由美军占领，与丹麦失去联系。1944年冰岛独立，格陵兰、法罗群岛归还丹麦。

第二次世界大战期间，丹麦人民在“自由委员会”、“国土与人民”等组织领导下，以各种方式展开了反法西斯德国和本国纳粹分子的斗争。随着德国统治和搜刮的变本加厉，斗争规模越来越大，由小型的破坏活动发展到大规模怠工和总罢工。地下抵抗组织不仅在丹麦本土活动，还在瑞典成立了一支由5000人组成的武装力量“丹麦营”。1945年5月4日德国占领军投降。

战后时期

1947年丹麦接受马歇尔计划。1948年4月丹麦

首都哥本哈根

加入欧洲经济合作组织，1949年4月加入北大西洋公约组织，5月加入欧洲委员会。

1950年5月11日丹麦与中国建立外交关系。

1953年丹麦再度修，规定丹麦为君主立宪国家，议会为一院制。对外积极发展北欧合作。1973年加入欧洲共同体。丹麦女王为玛格丽特二世（1972年登基）。1982年P.H.施吕道任首相。[5]

2015年3月28日，丹麦加入亚洲基础设施投资银行。

急求北欧五国（丹麦、挪威、瑞典、芬兰、冰岛）历史

丹麦

公元 985 年形成统一王国。公元 8 ～ 12 世纪为强盛的海盗时期，曾征服现英国、挪威、法国莱茵河畔等地区。 14 世纪走向强盛，并于 1397 年成立以丹麦女王玛格丽特一世为盟主的卡尔马联盟，疆土包括现丹麦、挪威、瑞典、冰岛、格陵兰、法罗群岛以及芬兰的一部分。 15 世纪末开始衰落。 1523 年瑞典脱离联盟独立。 1814 年将挪割予瑞典。1849 年建立君主立宪政体。两次世界大战中均宣布中立。 1940 年 4 月至 1945 年 5 月被纳粹德国占领。 1944 年冰岛脱离丹独立。 1949 年加入北约， 1973 年加入欧共体。拥有对格陵兰和法罗群岛的主权。

挪威

挪威公元9世纪前后形成统一王国。13世纪进入全盛时期。 14世纪中叶开始衰落。1397年与丹麦、瑞典结成卡尔玛联盟，受丹麦统治。1814年，丹麦把挪威割让给瑞典，换取西波美拉尼亚。1905年独立成为君主国，并选丹麦王子为国王，称哈康七世。第一次世界大战中保持中立。二次大战中被法西斯德国占领，吉斯林作为德国傀儡建立独裁政权，哈康国王及他的政府流亡英国。1945年获解放。1957年哈康七世逝世，其子即位，称奥拉夫五世。1949年参加北大西洋公约组织，1959年参加欧洲自由贸易联盟。

瑞典

公元1100年前后开始形成国家。1157年兼并芬兰。1397年与丹麦、挪威组成卡尔马联盟，受丹统治。1523年脱离联盟独立。同年，古斯塔夫·瓦萨被推举为国王。1654至1719年为瑞典的强盛时期，领土包括现芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛以及俄国、波兰和德国的波罗的海沿岸地区。1718年对俄国、丹麦和波兰作战失败后逐步走向衰落。1805年参加拿破仑战争，1809年败于俄国后被迫割让芬兰，1814年从丹麦取得挪威，并与挪结成瑞挪联盟。1905年挪威脱离联盟独立。瑞典在两次世界大战中均守中立。

芬兰

约9000年前冰河末期，芬兰人的祖先从乌拉尔山迁居至此地，未有形成国家。1157年后芬兰地成为瑞典固有领土。

1208年瑞征俄失败，芬兰开始受到俄国影响。但直至1809年，瑞在瑞俄战争失败后，才最终将芬兰割让给俄，芬成为俄的大公国，1812年迁都赫尔辛基。1917年12月6日宣布独立，曾试图立王国，但最终于1919年成立共和国。

1940年芬在芬苏战争（冬战）战败后，被迫向苏割让东部领土。二战期间，1941—1944年德国进攻苏联，芬参与对苏战争（续战）。1944年2月，芬作为战败国与苏联等国签了巴黎和约。

芬兰未加入北约(NATO)。1955年加入北欧理事会(NC)。1986年加入欧贸联(EFTA)。1995年退出欧贸联，转投欧共体—欧盟(EU)。1999年创始加入欧元区。

冰岛

斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人在第9和10世纪间移民到冰岛之前，冰岛是世界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。冰岛以公元930年建立了世界上最早的议会（冰岛语：Al?ingi）而自豪，虽然这一议会此后并未运行多久。某些文字证据显示，爱尔兰人的僧侣曾经在北方人到达之前在冰岛生活过，不过没有考古学上的证据证明这一推断。北欧人曾以此为跳板进入格陵兰岛。 冰岛保持了300年的独立，随后被挪威和丹麦统治。1814年丹麦-挪威联合王国根据基尔协议（treaty of Kiel）分治之前，冰岛是挪威国王的殖民地，此后成为丹麦的附属国。1874年，丹麦政府给予冰岛有限的自治，1918年，冰岛在内政方面进一步获得了类似于保护国的独立和主权，外交和国防方面丹麦仍保留权力。1940年，纳粹德国在二战期间占领丹麦，同年盟军占领了冰岛。 丹麦国王继续保持法律上的统治直到1944年冰岛共和国建立。 新的共和国是北约的成员国，并于1949年和美国签订了防卫冰岛的协议。根据这一协议，美国在Keflavík设有军事基地，一直到2006年9月底美军单方面撤出。到目前为止冰岛还没有自己的军队。 战后几十年来，冰岛的经济依赖于渔业，并因为这一生物资源和周边国家发生过数次冲突，其中包括和英国间著名的“鳕鱼战争”。近年来，由于对重工业的大量投资，经济逐渐多样化，炼铝业发展起来，经济领域不断自由化和私有化。冰岛通过EEA成为了欧洲经济区的成员，但从未申请加入欧盟。

找苏格兰跟英格兰的简介，（历史，政治风土人情要英文版的）

苏格兰历史History The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend, Scota with Goídel Glas, voyaging from Egypt, as depicted in a 15th century manuscript of the Scotichronicon of Walter Bower. Main article: History of Scotland Early history Main article: Prehistoric Scotland Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation.[21][22] Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.[23] A four thousand year old tomb with burial treasures was discovered at Forteviot, near Perth, the capital of a Pictish Kingdom in the eighth/ninth century AD. Unrivalled anywhere in Britain, it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark, with possessions including a bronze and gold dagger, a wooden bowl and a leather bag.[24]Roman influence Main article: Scotland during the Roman Empire Skara Brae, a neolithic settlement, located in the Bay of Skaill, Orkney. The written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia. Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes.In AD 83–84 the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius, and Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line (only Cawdor near Inverness is known to have been constructed beyond that line). Three years after the battle the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands.[25]The Romans erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall,[26] and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods—the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius Severus from 208 until 210.[27]The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of northern Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable between the first and the fifth century.[26]A replica of the Pictish Hilton of Cadboll Stone. Medieval period Main articles: Picts, Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the Late Middle Ages, and Scottish clan The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the state which eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland". The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman imperialism.[28] Another view places emphasis on the Battle of Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli (671–693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of ?0?7engus mac Fergusa (732–761).[29] The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander (1107–1124). However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and had developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin).[2][30][31]From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the English-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468.[32][33][34]The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero. The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, who manipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudal overlord of Scotland. Edward organised a process to identify the person with the best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Great Cause, and this resulted in the enthronement of John Balliol as king. The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, killed rival John Comyn on 10th February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.[35] He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than seven weeks after the killing. Robert I battled to win Scottish Independence as King for over 20 years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the English invaders piece by piece. Victory at The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved that the Scots had won their kingdom, but it took 14 more years and the production of the world's first documented declaration of independence the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 to finally win legal recognition by the English.However war with England was to continue for several decades after the death of Bruce, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stewart Dynasty.[33][36] The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation. This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities.[36][37]Modern history David Morier's depiction of the Battle of Culloden. In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London.[38] With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church . After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England.[39] On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.[14]The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle. This defeat paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the Highland Clearances.[14]The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse.[citation needed] After World War II, Scotland experienced an industrial decline which was particularly severe.[40] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. Economic factors which have contributed to this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),[41] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.[42]Following a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998[43] was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament.